Desmanes, roturas y piedrazos en las afueras del Congreso. Puertas adentro de la Cámara de Diputados, por contraste, imperaba un inédito clima de tranquilidad y concordia. El consenso político lo hizo posible: oficialismo y oposición dejaron por primera vez de lado sus grietas y avalaron esta madrugada, por amplia mayoría, el proyecto que le autoriza al Poder Ejecutivo a refinanciar la deuda por 44.500 millones de dólares contraída en 2018 con el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) durante la gestión de Mauricio Macri, y evitar el default.
Fueron 202 votos a favor, 37 en contra y 13 abstenciones. Quien se ausentó durante buena parte de la votación fue Máximo Kirchner, el renunciante jefe del bloque oficialista. Feroz detractor del acuerdo con el FMI, no pisó el recinto a la hora del quorum y se presentó en el último instante para votar negativamente; sus acólitos, sin embargo, se sentaron en sus bancas.
Ese aluvión de apoyos provino de las dos principales coaliciones parlamentarias, el Frente de Todos y de Juntos por el Cambio, acompañados por los interbloques Federal y Provincias Unidas. Tras ingentes negociaciones consensuaron, tras un arduo trabajo de orfebrería semántica, un texto único que se limitara a aprobar las operaciones de crédito público que acordó el Poder Ejecutivo con el FMI para financiar los futuros vencimientos. Este año el país debería afrontar pagos por 19.000 millones de dólares y, en 2023, otros 20.000 millones de dólares.
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Excluido del proyecto quedó el capítulo más ríspido para la oposición: el programa económico con el que se propone cumplir las metas comprometidas con el FMI en el acuerdo. Hasta último momento el ministro de Economía, Martín Guzmán, quien llevó a cabo las negociaciones con el FMI, pugnó para que el Congreso también lo aprobara. Todo el arco opositor rechazó su planteo; escudándose en argumentos constitucionales, adujo que no es facultad del Congreso definir la política económica del Poder Ejecutivo.
La razón, en rigor, es política: nadie en la oposición cree en la viabilidad de las medidas que pretende instrumentar Guzmán para reducir el déficit, una de las exigencias claves que le reclama el Fondo. Guzmán perdió la pulseada; el Congreso le ofrendará el acuerdo pero sin los honores que él esperaba.
Rechazos
Pese al consenso generalizado, distintas voces anticiparon su rechazo. Son los bloques de izquierda y los libertarios, estos últimos convencidos de que este acuerdo con el FMI, aunque evita el default, no ataca los problemas estructurales de la economía, como el excesivo gasto público. A ellos se suma Ricardo López Murphy, de Republicanos Unidos, que marcó distancia de sus socios de Juntos por el Cambio: al igual que los libertarios Javier Milei y José Luis Espert, está convencido de que el acuerdo con el FMI acarreará nuevos “impuestazos” que su electorado no soportaría.
En líneas generales, el proyecto dispone aprobar las operaciones de crédito público contenidas en el programa de Facilidades Extendidas suscripto con el FMI por alrededor de 45.000 millones de dólares, el cual reemplaza el acuerdo stand by de 2018 firmado durante la gestión de Macri. Tendrá una duración de 2 años y medio en relación a los compromisos asumidos; en ese lapso se realizarán diez revisiones trimestrales, con desembolsos en cada una de ellas. El repago comenzará en 2026 y finalizará en 2034.
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Es la primera vez que el Congreso aborda una iniciativa semejante; hasta la sanción de la ley de sostenibilidad de la deuda, el año pasado, el Poder Ejecutivo era el encargado exclusivo de decidir sobre el endeudamiento con acreedores externos. La responsabilidad recaída en los legisladores no fue un desafío sencillo, ni para el oficialismo ni para la oposición. El Frente de Todos no tardó en exponer sus fisuras internas con la salida de Máximo Kirchner como jefe de bloque. En Juntos por el Cambio, el radicalismo y la Coalición Cívica hicieron punta cuando aconsejaron la aprobación del acuerdo para evitar el default, lo que desató un clima de convulsión interna dentro de la coalición opositora.
Finalmente la sangre no llegó al río: los moderados de ambos sectores se impusieron sobre los extremos y el presidente Alberto Fernández le puso el broche de oro al dictamen de consenso.
“No tenemos motivos para festejar, pero sí para valorar que se esté logrando refinanciar los compromisos que tenía el anterior programa concentrados en 2022 y 2023, sin poner en riesgo la recuperación de la economía”, arrancó el presidente de la Comisión de Presupuesto, Carlos Heller.
Desde Juntos por el Cambio, Paula Oliveto advirtió: “Hoy estamos evitando un colapso pero la crisis continúa. No existe un plan económico”. En el mismo sentido se expresó Martín Tetaz, de Evolución Radical, quien calificó de “malo” el acuerdo.
“No resuelve ninguno de los problemas estructurales del país: el sesgo antiexportador, no recupera la moneda, no le saca los impuestos a la producción; tampoco cambia las reglas laborales para las PyMEs y no elimina la burocracia en el Estado”, asestó.
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