Mitos y verdades sobre las armas nucleares enviadas en buques británicos a la Guerra de Malvinas

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malvinas

La desclasificación de archivos ultrasecretos renovaron las especulaciones sobre el armamento que trajeron los militares ingleses al Atlántico Sur. Qué hay de cierto y de falso, según el historiador Alejandro Amendolara. ¿Era Córdoba un objetivo militar?

A poco de cumplirse 40 años de la Guerra de Malvinas, la confirmación de que Margaret Thatcher envió buques británicos con 31 armas nucleares para combatir en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur reavivó los mitos y las especulaciones en torno al enfrentamiento bélico que, tras 74 días, dejó un saldo de 649 argentinos muertos y 255 del Reino Unido.

¿Por qué la Royal Navy envió bombas atómicas? ¿Cuáles eran los objetivos militares que tenía la Armada real? ¿Analizaron bombardear Córdoba y Buenos Aires? ¿Fueron utilizadas esas armas nucleares en el transcurso de la guerra?

El reporte del sitio Declassified UK que reveló el envío de armas nucleares por parte de Gran Bretaña al Atlántico Sur

Son apenas algunos de los interrogantes que resurgieron luego de que el reconocido periodista Richard Norton Taylor publicara en el sitio Declassified UK el contenido de los archivos ultrasecretos del Ministerio de Defensa británico durante la guerra que enfrentó a la monarquía constitucional del Reino Unido con la dictadura militar de la Argentina por la soberanía de las islas.

En una entrevista con Infobae, el abogado, historiador y reconocido investigador de la cuestión Malvinas, Alejandro Amendolara, advirtió que el informe desclasificado precisó la cantidad de armas que habían llegado al Atlántico, los buques que las trajeron, pero no abundó en más detalles de lo que ya se había informado en 2003, cuando se difundieron los detalles del despliegue de armamento nuclear que habían hecho los ingleses para restablecer el dominio colonial en el archipiélago.

— ¿Cuál es la novedad que trajo la última desclasificación de los archivos de la Guerra de Malvinas?

— El Archivo Nacional reveló documentos que traen como novedad la precisión sobre qué armamento nuclear se trajo al Atlántico Sur, qué cantidad y en qué buques, pero la cuestión ya había tomado estado público en el año 2003, con un informe del Ministerio de Defensa del gobierno británico que, antes de cumplirse los 30 años exigidos para la desclasificación, revela documentos que abordan el transporte de armas nucleares en la denominada Operación Corporate, que es como se conoce el envío de las tropas.

— Más allá de que conociera, la precisión de cuántas armas nucleares estuvieron en buques que participaron de la guerra fue impactante.

— Es cierto, ahora es importante que la gente no tenga la imagen en la cabeza de que se buscaba un hongo atómico en Buenos Aires o en Córdoba, como trascendió. La idea de que querían un Hiroshima o un Nagasaki en América del Sur no es cierta. La realidad es bastante distinta.

— ¿Lo que está diciendo es que trajeron esas armas atómicas para no usarlas?

— Después de la recuperación de las Islas Malvinas, el 2 de abril, el gobierno de Margaret Thatcher toma la decisión de recuperar el dominio colonial y envía una flota con fragatas, portaaviones, destructores, submarinos y otros buques. En algunos de esos, como el Hermes y el Invincible, que son los que que reúnen la casi totalidad de las cargas submarinas nucleares, ese armamento era parte de su dotación habitual, no es que mandaron a aprovisionarse con las bombas para atacar con armas nucleares a la Argentina.

El historiador Alejandro Amendolara, en una charla sobre Malvinas

— ¿Esas “cargas submarinas” de las que hablan los archivos desclasificados para qué se utilizaban?

— Son las bombas WE.177. Eran bombas antisubmarinas de la década del 60, con un poder estimado de medio kiloton, con potencial nuclear y que tenía un efecto devastador en un submarino. Lo tenían como parte de los acuerdo de la OTAN y que servía como armamento contra submarinos nucleares, principalmente soviéticos. Estamos analizando el conflicto de Malvinas sin tener presente la Guerra Fría y la amenaza soviética que representaba para Occidente.

Tipo de bombas de profundidad nucleares que llevaban los buques británicos.

— ¿Entonces trajeron las armas nucleares más por los soviéticos que por el poder naval argentino?

— Dentro de la OTAN, los países tenían un acuerdo y una política de defensa coordinada para enfrentar a la Unión Soviética. Los buques que vinieron al Atlántico Sur habían estado en el paso entre Gran Bretaña e Islandia y otros habían terminado de hacer ejercicios navales en Gibraltar. Algunos buques fueron a Inglaterra y otros, desde donde estaban, se dirigieron con el armamento con el que contaban. De hecho, en otros archivos que pude revisar, se precisa el traslado de armas de unos buques a otros.

— ¿Dónde estaban el Hermes y el Invincible que se mencionan en estos documentos desclasificados?

— Estaban en Portsmouth, y los buques que estaban en el Ejercicio Springtrain cerca de Gibraltar recibieron la instrucción de dirigirse al Sur y los buques van con lo que tienen adentro. No había una voluntad de que todos los buques llevaran bombas atómicas. No Eso no ocurrió. Un tema importante que ocurría en ese momento es que la Unión Soviética estaba muy activa y la Guerra Fría, en su apogeo, provocaba que todo movimiento militar tomaba en cuenta ese contexto. De hecho, se confirmó que hubo aviones de reconocimiento de la URSS que sobrevolaron posiciones británicas en el mar.

Noticia sobre el buque hundido «Sheffield» y las sospechas de la presencia de armas nucleares, publicado por el diario La Prensa, el 15 de julio de 1982 (Alejandro Amedolara)

— El tema nuclear estuvo siempre presente, incluso durante la guerra, donde Argentina denunció la existencia de armamento atómico…

— Sí. De hecho, las denuncias argentinas se basaban en que la presencia de submarinos nucleares y armamento atómico violaba el Tratado de Tlatelolco que prohibía armamento nuclear en el continente y territorio marítimo adyacente. Lo curioso es que Argentina era uno de los países que no lo habían firmado -recién lo hizo el gobierno de Alfonsín-. A ese reclamo se sumó la Unión Soviética y el Reino Unido, para no comprometer su alegado “derecho de defensa”, anunció el retiro del teatro de operaciones de armamento atómico.

— De acuerdo con los documentos secretos que se conocen hasta ahora y los testimonios y pruebas, hay confirmación o sospecha de uso de algún armamento nuclear durante la Guerra.

— No hubo confirmación ni pruebas de que se hubiera usado ni las bombas ni otro tipo de armamento. Sí hubo reclamos por la operación de submarinos nucleares en el Atlántico Sur. (NdR: de hecho, el submarino de propulsión nuclear Conqueror hundió al Crucero General Belgrano el 2 de mayo de 1982).

Noticia publicada por el diario La Prensa en noviembre de 1982

— En simultáneo con la revelación del transporte de armas nucleares al Atlántico Sur se reavivó el mito de un bombardeo a Córdoba. ¿Existieron efectivamente esos planes?

— La versión surgió de Alí Magoudi, psicoanalista de François Mitterrand. Más allá del respeto que se merece, es la versión de una persona sobre lo que dijo otra persona de una conversación con una tercera persona. En los archivos que yo consulté no encontré datos de ese plan de bombardear Córdoba. Por lo pronto, el material nuclear que se había enviado en los buques eran bombas de profundidad para submarinos, no eran misiles nucleares. Ese tipo de acciones debían hacerse por avión y, en condiciones de hacer un ataque de ese tipo sólo podían los aviones Vulcan. El problema que tenía una operación de ese tipo era, en principio, de alcance.

— ¿Chile no se había mostrado dispuesto a dar colaboración a Gran Bretaña?

— No. Hay documentos que confirman que la Fuerza Aérea de Chile analizó qué pasaría si daba cooperación y asistencia a un bombardeo. Sabían que podían ser atacados por Argentina por eso no estaban dispuestos a participar de una acción de ese tipo. Pero lo importante acá es que bombardear Córdoba implicaba una operación de una envergadura enorme. Allí se fabricaban Pucará y se hacía mantenimiento de otras aeronaves, pero no representaban un valor militar estratégico su bombardeo. Pero lo más complicado para el Reino Unido es que un ataque al continente hubiera cambiado toda la lógica de la guerra.

Thatcher envió en el Hermes y en el Invincible 30 cargas de superficie nucleares.

— ¿En qué sentido?

— Atacar el continente podía generar un compromiso y solidaridad más activos de los países de América del Sur. Era imposible un bombardeo de Córdoba. Una cosa es bombardear una pista del sur o incluso la intención que existió de atacar en Río Grande para neutralizar los aviones Súper Etendard y los misiles Exocet que habían generado un enorme daño a la Royal Navy, pero para bombardear Córdoba implicaba sobrevolar países vecinos a la Argentina que debían dar su autorización. Ninguno hubiera sido cómplice de un acto semejante.

La revelación del transporte de armas nucleares a la zona del conflicto en el Atlántico Sur generó un fuerte impacto político.

En junio de 2019, Infobae publicó un extenso y exclusivo reporte que detalló los pormenores de la fallida “Operación Mikado”, una acción bélica secreta que nunca se concretó y que buscaba destruir en Tierra del Fuego tanto los misiles, los aviones como inclusive eliminar a los pilotos que habían atacado a la Armada inglesa. “Hay que destruir los misiles Exocets, eliminar a los aviones Super Étendard y matar a los pilotos en Río Grande sea como sea”, ordenó Margaret Thatcher, según la revelación de la periodista Loreley Gaffoglio.

— ¿Se puede decir que es un mito entonces lo del bombardeo a Córdoba?

— No sé. Lo cierto es que no hay ningún documento hasta ahora que mencione esa operación. Hay que tener presente que, durante toda la guerra, los británicos analizaban las distintas opciones y señalan los pro y los contra. Más allá de que Thatcher impuso su visión, la mirada del Foreign Office tenía un peso decisivo: un ataque en el continente iba a ser muy difícil de ser defendido diplomáticamente.

De todos modos, el propio Amendolara detalló en un extenso artículo publicado en Infobae en abril de 2019 algo que sí ocurrió y que fue el diseño de un plan secreto de los ingleses para bombardear Buenos Aires. “La información desclasificada en los archivos británicos revela que existieron planes para lanzar las bombas de los aviones Vulcan sobre la capital. “Ataque a blancos seleccionados en el Continente”, dicen los documentos que detallan las estrategias que se iban perfeccionando o descartando según la evolución del conflicto. La “Opción 13″ nunca llegó a materializarse, pero la amenaza jugó un importante papel en la guerra psicológica”, reveló en su momento el historiador.

Integrante del Consejo Directivo del Instituto de Historia Militar, Amendolara también describió las tensas relaciones que mantuvieron Margaret Thatcher y François Mitterrand durante la guerra por la venta de los aviones y los misiles que fueron clave para el brillante desempeño que tuvieron los pilotos argentinos. De ese vínculo surgieron muchas de las versiones que, luego, generaron leyendas de un conflicto que, en pocos meses, cumplirá cuatro décadas.

Fuente:

Infobae

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